Position Statement on Cervical and Lumbar Disc Replacements (2019)

Authors: 
Gregory D. Schroeder MD, Alexander R. Vaccaro MD, PhD, MBA, Srikanth N. Divi, MD, Ariana A. Reyes, BS, Dhruv K.C. Goyal, BA, Frank M Phillips MD, Jack Zigler MD

Introduction:

Cervical and lumbar degenerative disc disease are well known causes of neck and back pain in spine patients. The estimated 1-year incidence rate of neck pain and any episode of lower back pain is 10.4% to 21.3%1,2 and 1.5% to 36%3, respectively. Previous reports demonstrate significant socioeconomic effects of these common complaints.4,5 Currently, initial conservative treatment and ultimately fusion procedures are potential extremes of options for treatment of recalcitrant cervical and lumbar degenerative disc disease. Despite past reports of improved clinical outcomes with cervical and lumbar fusion procedures, there continues to be concerns of limiting motion at the affected segment and development of adjacent level degeneration and disease (ASD). Hilibrand et al. demonstrated that adjacent-segment disease occurred at a rate of 2.9% per year during the ten year postoperative period following anterior cervical fusion.6 Other studies have reported even higher adjacent segment degeneration and disease rates of 36%7 and 50%8 in the cervical spine. Past reports illustrate a wide range of the incidence rate (2.62%-34%) of adjacent segment degeneration and disease after lumbar fusion.9–11 These results led to the subsequent development of cervical and lumbar arthroplasty devices.

Despite the studies showing similar or improved clinical outcomes with cervical and lumbar arthroplasty, debate continues to exist over the potential benefits of total disc replacement (TDR) and potential complications with long-term device use. Currently, there are 8 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved cervical and 3 FDA approved lumbar TDR devices, not all of which are still commercially available. The aim of this review is to discuss the results of long-term follow-up studies, recent meta-analyses, newly approved devices, two-level use, and potential complications with cervical and lumbar TDR devices.

Cervical Total Disc Replacement:

Historical Background:

The first use of cervical total disc replacement (cTDR) dates back to the 1960s.12 Currently, 8 devices have been approved by the FDA for single level use in cervical arthroplasty including Prestige ST (Medtronic Inc.), ProDisc-C (DePuy Synthes; Johnson and Johnson), BRYAN (Medtronic Inc.), SECURE-C (Globus), PCM (Nuvasive), Mobic-C (Zimmer Biomet), Prestige LP (Medtronic Inc.), and M-6 cervical disc (Orthofix). Mobic-C and Prestige LP are also approved for two level use. The M6 device has moct recently received pre-market approval13(p6) and the Simplify disc has completed one and two level enrollment and is approaching FDA determination. The initial FDA investigational device exemption (IDE) trials for the currently approved cTDR devices demonstrated similar or greater improvement in outcomes of patients in the device group compared to ACDF.14–21 Similarly, meta-analyses of the these IDE trials illustrated similar improved outcomes with cTDR.22,23

Long-term Follow-Up and Recent Meta-analyses:

Initial prospective, randomized controlled IDE trials have demonstrated equivalent or improved functional outcome results of cTDR compared to ACDF.14–21 Mid and long-term follow-up have also demonstrated the overall positive success of arthroplasty compared to ACDF.24–28 In an 8-year follow-up study of twenty-one patients, Quan et al. reported that the majority of patients with the BRYAN disc continued to have favorable results.24 Burkus et al. reported that the arthroplasty group had improved or maintained neurologic status compared with ACDF at 5 year follow-up.25 Coric et al. reported significant, sustained improvement in range of motion in patients with cTDR (BRYAN disc or Kineflex-C) compared to ACDF at 4-year follow-up.26 In a 5 year follow-up study, Zigler et al. demonstrated that both groups (Prodisc-C and ACDF) had statistically significant improved clinical outcomes compared to baseline but patients with Prodisc-C had greater improvement in reported neck pain.27 At 4 year follow-up, Delamarter et al. reported improved visual analogue scale (VAS) neck score in patients with Prodisc-C compared to ACDF.28

Recently, longer-term follow up (5 years or greater) studies continue to demonstrate successful results of arthroplasty compared to ACDFs.29–35 Janssen et al. reported that both groups (Prodisc- C and ACDF) continued to have improved patient satisfaction with surgery and neurologic status at 7 year follow-up.29 Both groups reported similar positive outcomes, however, less patients in the Prodisc- group (7%) had secondary surgery compared to those with ACDF (18%).29 In a 10 year follow-up of the IDE study, Gornet et al. reported stable results for the Prestige LP group with patient reported outcomes, neurological status, and overall success.30 The authors also reported that the average motion at the index and adjacent level was maintained at 10 year follow-up and concluded that the device continued to have safe and effective results.30 Lavelle et al. reported 10 year outcomes for patients with the BRYAN cervical disc.31 The authors reported statistically significant improvement in overall success (81.3% vs. 66.3%) and neck and disability index (NDI) score in patients with cTDR compared to the ACDF group.31 Although the results were not shown to be statistically significant, patients with the BRYAN disc had a lower rate of secondary surgeries compared to those with ACDFs.31 A 7 year follow-up of the FDA IDE trial for the PCM device demonstrated greater improvement with NDI, VAS neck pain, physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS) of the Short Form-12 (SF-12).32 The authors also reported decreased trends in secondary surgeries (3.6% vs. 7.6%).32 Hisey et al. reported, at 5 year follow-up, similar improvements in NDI, VAS neck and arm pain, and SF-12 scores for both groups (Mobic-C and ACDF).33 Additionally at 7 year follow up for Mobic-C, Radcliff et al. reported improvement in patient reported outcomes (NDI, VAS neck/ arm pain, SF-12 MCS/ PCS scores) for both the cTDR and ACDF group.36 The authors reported a statistically significant greater patient satisfaction in the cTDR group compared to ACDF.36 Burkus et al. reported maintained or improved neurologic status in patients with cTDR (Prestige disc) compared to ACDF from a 5 to 7 year period.34 Vaccaro et al. reported statistical superiority in overall success (79.2% and 63.6%) and patient satisfaction (96% vs. 88.8%) in the SECURE-C investigational group compared to ACDF at 7 year follow-up.35

Previously in a meta-analysis, McAfee et al. demonstrated that patients who have undergone arthroplasty achieved greater overall clinical success compared to ACDF patients (77.6% vs. 70.8%).22 In a meta-analysis of 3 FDA IDE randomized controlled trials, Udaphyaya et al. reported greater neurological success and lower rate of secondary surgeries for the cTDR group compared to the ACDF group.23 More recently, Gao et al. reported improved neurologic success and neck/arm pain (VAS) scores, fewer secondary surgeries, and increased motion at the index level in patients with cTDR versus ACDF.37 Similarly, a meta-analysis conducted by Zhang et al. reported improved neurological success in the arthroplasty group compared to ACDF.38 The authors also reported superiority in NDI, neck and arm pain (Numeric Rating Scale [NRS]) scores, and fewer secondary surgical procedures at the index level.38

Adjacent Segment Disease:

Long-term follow-up has facilitated further understanding of radiographic adjacent segment degeneration and symptomatic adjacent segment disease with cervical arthroplasty. Phillips et al. reported more frequent radiographic adjacent segment degeneration with ACDF compared to cTDR.32 Hisey et al. demonstrated that adjacent segment degeneration at the superior level was significantly lower for cTDR patients than ACDF.33 Similarly, Burkus et. al reported lower rates of additional adjacent level surgeries in the cTDR group compared to ACDF.34 Vaccaro et. al also demonstrated that less SECURE-C patients (17%) reported symptoms related to the adjacent level(s) compared to ACDF patients (37.5%).35 Janssen et. al reported less surgical procedures involving the adjacent level(s) in the ProDisc-C group compared to the ACDF group.29 Results from Lavelle et al. and Gornet et al. also demonstrated lower rates of revision surgeries for the adjacent level in the cTDR group compared to the ACDF groups (BRYAN and Prestige LP, respectively).30,31

In a review of 52,395 cases, Kelly et al. reported that secondary surgery was less common in the cTDR compared to the ACDF group within 90 days of surgery (2.04% vs. 3.35%), whereas there was no difference in rates at long term follow up (1,3,5, years postoperatively) between the two cohorts.39 Furthermore, the authors concluded that there was no protective benefits for single level degenerative disease with cTDR compared to ACDF.39

Various meta-analyses have been conducted in attempts to further clarify potential benefits of arthroplasty compared to ACDF.40–42 Verma et al. reported that although there were more patients in the ACDF group requiring adjacent-level surgery than cTDR (6.9% vs. 5.1%), the differences in rate of reoperation between the two groups was not statistically significant.40 In a meta-analysis of 32 studies, Shriver et al. reported an increased incidence of adjacent degeneration and disease in cervical arthroplasty with long-term follow up.41 Zhu et al. combined the results of 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with long-term follow up (2 to 7 years) and reported that cTDR had lower rates of adjacent segment disease and fewer reoperations at the adjacent level.42 Although the meta-analysis by Luo et al. included fewer RCTs, the authors similarly concluded that cTDR had lower rates of adjacent segment disease compared to ACDF.43

Approval for 2-level use:

In 2013, Mobic-C was approved for two-level use. In the IDE trial conducted at 24 centers, results demonstrated significant, greater overall success of 2-level total disc arthroplasty with Mobic-C over ACDF.20 Since then, studies have demonstrated positive mid-term and long-term follow up for two-level cervical disc arthroplasty using the Mobic-C device.44,45 In a 4-year post-hoc comparison, Bae et al. reported that there were no statistical differences in clinical outcomes or overall success of the cTDR group compared to ACDF.46 In a 7 year follow-up study of the original IDE clinical trial, Radcliff et al. demonstrated that the two-level cTDR group had a significant improvement in NDI score, increased patient satisfaction rate, and decreased rate of re-operation at the index and adjacent level compared to ACDF.36

Prestige LP is also currently approved for two-level cervical disc arthroplasty. In the IDE randomized controlled trial, Gornet et al. demonstrated that the investigational group undergoing two level cervical disc arthroplasty had greater overall success than two level ACDF.47 Lanman et al. also demonstrated that the two-level Prestige LP group had statistically greater improvement in NDI score, neurological status, and overall success at 7 year follow-up.48 The investigational group also had preserved motion and fewer secondary surgeries than the ACDF group at long-term follow-up.48

Devices with Recent Approval/ Currently in the FDA IDE Process:

M6 recently received pre-market approval before the end point of the IDE trial. In a feasibility study, M6 demonstrated comparable results to other cervical total disc replacement devices.49 This device has an artificial annular (polyethylene weave) and nuclear (viscoelastic polyurethane core) component to better mimic the natural human intervertebral disc and range of motion.50 Reyes-Sanchez et al. demonstrated improved NDI score, neck/arm pain, and PCS of SF-36 with no serious adverse events at 24 months.51 The authors also reported that the mean range of motion returned to approximated pretreatment levels (12.2° vs 11.1°) by 24 months.51 Similarly, Thomas et al. also reported improved results for NDI, VAS, SF-36 scores in patients with the M6 device.52 With larger-scale distribution of the M6 implant, longer follow-up studies will be needed to continue to assess impact on clinical outcomes, patient range of motion, and potential adverse events.

The Simplify Disc™ is currently under investigation for FDA approval for one and two level use. Early results from Geisler et al. demonstrated improved NDI, VAS neck and arm pain for patients with the Simplify Disc.53 Two-level use studies with the Simplify disc have also recently completed patient enrollment.

Potential complications:

Possible complications with cervical disc arthroplasty include heterotopic ossification, subsidence/migration, device wear and tear, and adjacent segment disease.54 Recent evidence continues to report low rates of reoperation at both the index and adjacent level.29,30,33,45,55–57 Past reports report a broad range (7.3-69.2%) for heterotopic ossification rate.58–60 In a meta-analysis evaluating adverse events of total disc replacements, Anderson et al. reported that there were no statistical differences in dysphagia, heterotopic ossification, or overall incidence of neurologic deterioration between cervical disc arthroplasty group and ACDF group.61 The authors also reported that the cTDR group had a lower relative risk of surgical-related neurologic events and secondary surgeries compared to ACDFs.61

Lumbar Total Disc Replacement:

Historical Background:

The first use of lumbar total disc replacement dates back to the 1960s.12,62 The first model of the Charité device was developed in the 1980s and subsequent models received FDA approval in 2004.63 Initial studies of this device reported improved clinical and radiographic success compared to fusion.64–66  Currently, activL Artificial disc (Aesculap Implant Systems) and Prodisc-L (Syntheses Spine) are the only two commercially available FDA-approved devices. Other lumbar devices had completed PMA studies (Maverick, Flexicore, Kineflex, but either withdrew before FDA consideration or declined to sell commercially in the US.

Results of Current Approved Devices:

Prodisc-L was approved by the FDA in 2006. This device consists of three components: upper and lower plates composed of cobalt-chrome molybdenium alloy (CoCrMo) and a monoconvex ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene inlay.69 Combined, these components form a spherical articulating device resembling a ball and socket joint.69 In a randomized controlled FDA investigational device exemption (IDE) trial, Zigler et al. demonstrated that patients with Prodisc-L had improved patient reported outcomes (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI], SF-36, and VAS pain), and neurological success compared to patients with circumferential spinal fusion at 2 year follow-up.70 In a 5 year follow-up of the FDA IDE trial, Zigler and Delamarter reported that both groups maintained improved patient reported outcomes.71 The authors also reported fewer secondary surgeries at the index level and acceptable range of motion in the lumbar TDR group compared to the control group.71 With an alternate analysis including additional FDA parameters, 48.1% of TDRs and 41.1% of fusions were overall statistical successes using a complex success formula..71 In an RCT FDA IDE trial for two level use, Delamarter et al. reported that more patients in the lumbar TDR group (58.8%) reached statistical overall success than the fusion group (47.8%) at 2 year follow-up, using a similar complex success definition.72

ActivL artificial disc was recently approved in June 2015. This device consists of two metal endplates and one semi-constrained ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene inlay.73 The polyethylene core supports anterior and posterior translational direction, potentially reducing biomechanical stress at the facet joints and adjacent levels.73 In the randomized controlled FDA IDE trial, Garcia et al. reported that the device was non-inferior to the control devices (Charite or Prodisc-L).74 The authors also reported improved results for return to work, radiographic success (59% vs. 43%), and ODI success (75% vs. 66%) in the activL group compared to the control group at 2 year follow up.74 The activL group also had decreased serious adverse events related to the device (12% vs. 19%) and similar surgical re-intervention rates (2.3% vs. 1.9%) compared to controls, however, these results did not reach statistical significance.74 In addition, the activL group had improved range of motion with segmental rotation (0.9° vs.-1.4° ; p < 0.01) and translation (+0.6 mm vs. +0.2 mm; p < 0.001) but not with lateral rotation (+0.6 mm  vs. + 0.8 mm, p= 0.52).74 Additionally, a greater percentage of patients with activL had an increase in disc height (> 3mm) than the control group (94% vs. 87%, p=0.09).74

Currently, there are limited reports on long-term follow-up for activL. In a randomized, controlled FDA IDE study with 5 year follow-up, Yue and Garcia reported improvement in back pain severity and patient satisfaction in the activL group compared to the control group, but these results did not achieve statistical significance.75 The authors also reported no significant differences observed with range of motion (flexion/extension, translation, and lateral rotation) or disc height between the two groups.75 Comparable results relating to serious adverse events were reported in both groups (58% vs. 40%, p<0.01).75

A recent meta-analysis conducted by Zigler et al. of 4 RCTs with long-term follow up demonstrated improved ODI scores, decreased risk of reoperation, and increased likelihood of patient satisfaction with TDR compared to fusion.76 This meta-analysis included three FDA  IDE studies as well as one OUS non-IDE prospective randomized trial, all with five year follow-up.  Rao et al. conducted a meta-analysis of 7 RCTs with 2 year follow-up. Similarly, the authors reported improvements in ODI score, in addition to improved VAS score and shorter length of hospitalization.77 Ding et al. reported conflicting results regarding the superiority of lumbar TDR after reviewing 5 overlapping meta-analyses. But, the authors also reported the potential of lumbar TDR as an alternative treatment to fusion based off of short-term results.78

Various devices that are approved outside of the US have published reports with long term-follow up. Although not a randomized controlled study, Aghayev reported improved VAS leg and back scores and quality of life improvement (EQ-5D) in patients with lumbar TDR at 5 year follow-up.79 Implants included in this study were ActivL, Charite, Maverick, and Prodisc-L.79 The authors also reported the overall rates of complications and adjacent segment degeneration as 23.4% and 10.7%, respectively.79

 Adjacent Segment Level Disease:

Past reports have attempted to further clarify the potential incidence rate and prevalence of adjacent segment degeneration and disease after arthroplasty compared to fusion. Harrop et al. reported a significant decrease in incidence rate of adjacent segment degeneration (9% vs. 34%) and disease (1% vs. 14%) of lumbar TDR compared to fusion. 9 In analyzing data from a prospective multicenter study, Zigler et al. reported less changes in adjacent level degeneration in the lumbar TDR group compared to fusion (9.2% vs. 28.6%) at 5 year follow-up.80 The authors also reported a decrease in new findings of adjacent level degeneration (6.7% vs. 23.8%) and secondary surgery (1.9% vs. 4.0%) in the lumbar TDR group compared to fusion.80 In a meta-analysis of 13 studies, Ren et al. also demonstrated decreased prevalence and reoperation rate in the lumbar TDR group compared to fusion for short-term and long-term follow up.81

Potential Complications:

Implant-related complications can include collapse, subsidence, or dislocation.79,82,83 Additional concerns with lumbar arthroplasty include approach-related complications, osteolysis secondary to polyethylene wear, heterotopic ossification and reoperation at the index or adjacent level.84 Past reports demonstrate low or similar rates of reoperation with lumbar TDR compared to fusion. 70,71,74,76,77,85 In a meta-analysis conducted by Hiratzka et al., patients in the lumbar fusion group had a twofold increased risk of adverse events compared with lumbar TDR with 2 year follow-up but the relative risk remained stable at 5 year follow-up.86 Additionally, this pooled data was from a limited amount of RCTs due to a lack of consistency with reporting and describing adverse events in the various trials.86

Conclusion:

Currently, there is compelling level I and II evidence with long-term follow-up supporting the use of TDR as a viable alternative to fusion procedures.  Although some of this is industry sponsored data, there are multiple layers of independent and governmental oversight, as well as peer-review prior to publication. Recent evidence and comparison with meta-analyses continue to demonstrate positive outcomes and benefits over time, even with with expanded two-level use in the cervical spine.  Studies now following patients out to 5 to 10 years continue to show positive results for these novel devices.

Based on the above review of the available evidence-based scientific literature (much of it Level Ib or Level Ia), ISASS as a global organization of spine surgery professionals strongly supports  both cervical and lumbar total disc replacements as safe and effective treatment alternatives to fusion in appropriately-selected patients, following FDA study guidelines for use.

References:

  1. Hoy DG, Protani M, De R, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of neck pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(6):783-792. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.019
  2. Kong L, Tian W, Cao P, Wang H, Zhang B, Shen Y. Predictive factors associated with neck pain in patients with cervical disc degeneration. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(43). doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008447
  3. Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F, Buchbinder R. The Epidemiology of low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(6):769-781. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002
  4. Martin BI, Deyo RA, Mirza SK, et al. Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems. JAMA. 2008;299(6):656-664. doi:10.1001/jama.299.6.656
  5. Katz JN. Lumbar disc disorders and low-back pain: socioeconomic factors and consequences. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88 Suppl 2:21-24. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.01273
  6. Hilibrand AS, Carlson GD, Palumbo MA, Jones PK, Bohlman HH. Radiculopathy and myelopathy at segments adjacent to the site of a previous anterior cervical arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(4):519-528. doi:10.2106/00004623-199904000-00009
  7. Goffin J, Van Calenbergh F, van Loon J, et al. Intermediate follow-up after treatment of degenerative disc disease with the Bryan Cervical Disc Prosthesis: single-level and bi-level. Spine. 2003;28(24):2673-2678. doi:10.1097/01.BRS.0000099392.90849.AA
  8. Katsuura A, Hukuda S, Saruhashi Y, Mori K. Kyphotic malalignment after anterior cervical fusion is one of the factors promoting the degenerative process in adjacent intervertebral levels. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2001;10(4):320-324. doi:10.1007/s005860000243
  9. Harrop JS, Youssef JA, Maltenfort M, et al. Lumbar adjacent segment degeneration and disease after arthrodesis and total disc arthroplasty. Spine. 2008;33(15):1701-1707. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817bb956
  10. Park P, Garton HJ, Gala VC, Hoff JT, McGillicuddy JE. Adjacent segment disease after lumbar or lumbosacral fusion: review of the literature. Spine. 2004;29(17):1938-1944.
  11. Lee CS, Hwang CJ, Lee S-W, et al. Risk factors for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J. 2009;18(11):1637-1643. doi:10.1007/s00586-009-1060-3
  12. Fernström U. Arthroplasty with intercorporal endoprothesis in herniated disc and in painful disc. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1966;357:154-159.
  13. Food and Drug Administration. Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data (SSED) M6-C Artificial Cervical Disc. February 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf17/P170036B.pdf. Accessed June 2, 2019.
  14. Mummaneni PV, Burkus JK, Haid RW, Traynelis VC, Zdeblick TA. Clinical and radiographic analysis of cervical disc arthroplasty compared with allograft fusion: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;6(3):198-209. doi:10.3171/spi.2007.6.3.198
  15. Murrey D, Janssen M, Delamarter R, et al. Results of the prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of the ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior discectomy and fusion for the treatment of 1-level symptomatic cervical disc disease. Spine J. 2009;9(4):275-286. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2008.05.006
  16. Heller JG, Sasso RC, Papadopoulos SM, et al. Comparison of BRYAN cervical disc arthroplasty with anterior cervical decompression and fusion: clinical and radiographic results of a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Spine Phila Pa 1976. 2009;34(2):101–107. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31818ee263
  17. Vaccaro A, Beutler W, Peppelman W, et al. Clinical Outcomes With Selectively Constrained SECURE-C Cervical Disc Arthroplasty: Two-Year Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Investigational Device Exemption Study. Spine. 2013;38(26):2227-2239. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000031
  18. Phillips FM, Lee JYB, Geisler FH, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical investigation comparing PCM cervical disc arthroplasty with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. 2-year results from the US FDA IDE clinical trial. Spine. 2013;38(15):E907-918. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318296232f
  19. Hisey MS, Bae HW, Davis R, et al. Multi-center, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Investigational Device Exemption Clinical Trial Comparing Mobi-C Cervical Artificial Disc to Anterior Discectomy and Fusion in the Treatment of Symptomatic Degenerative Disc Disease in the Cervical Spine. Int J Spine Surg. 2014;8:7. doi:10.14444/1007
  20. Davis RJ, Kim KD, Hisey MS, et al. Cervical total disc replacement with the Mobi-C cervical artificial disc compared with anterior discectomy and fusion for treatment of 2-level symptomatic degenerative disc disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter clinical trial: clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;19(5):532-545. doi:10.3171/2013.6.SPINE12527
  21. Gornet MF, Burkus JK, Shaffrey ME, Argires PJ, Nian H, Harrell FE. Cervical disc arthroplasty with PRESTIGE LP disc versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a prospective, multicenter investigational device exemption study. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;23(5):558-573. doi:10.3171/2015.1.SPINE14589
  22. McAfee PC, Reah C, Gilder K, Eisermann L, Cunningham B. A meta-analysis of comparative outcomes following cervical arthroplasty or anterior cervical fusion: results from 4 prospective multicenter randomized clinical trials and up to 1226 patients. Spine. 2012;37(11):943-952. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31823da169
  23. Upadhyaya CD, Wu J-C, Trost G, et al. Analysis of the three United States Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption cervical arthroplasty trials. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;16(3):216-228. doi:10.3171/2011.6.SPINE10623
  24. Quan GM, Vital J-M, Hansen S, Pointillart V. Eight-Year Clinical and Radiological Follow-Up of the Bryan Cervical Disc Arthroplasty. Spine. 2011;36(8):639-646. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181dc9b51
  25. Burkus JK, Haid RW, Traynelis VC, Mummaneni PV. Long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of cervical disc replacement with the Prestige disc: results from a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial: Presented at the 2009 Joint Spine Section Meeting. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13(3):308-318. doi:10.3171/2010.3.SPINE09513
  26. Coric D, Kim PK, Clemente JD, Boltes MO, Nussbaum M, James S. Prospective randomized study of cervical arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with long-term follow-up: results in 74 patients from a single site: Presented at the 2012 Joint Spine Section Meeting. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;18(1):36-42. doi:10.3171/2012.9.SPINE12555
  27. Zigler J, Delamarter R, Murrey D, Spivak J, Janssen M. ProDisc-C and Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion as Surgical Treatment for Single-Level Cervical Symptomatic Degenerative Disc Disease: Five-Year Results of a Food and Drug Administration Study. Spine. 2013;38(3):203-209. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318278eb38
  28. Delamarter RB, Murrey D, Janssen ME, et al. Results at 24 months from the prospective, randomized, multicenter Investigational Device Exemption trial of ProDisc-C versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with 4-year follow-up and continued access patients. SAS J. 2010;4(4):122-128. doi:10.1016/j.esas.2010.09.001
  29. Janssen ME, Zigler JE, Spivak JM, Delamarter RB, Darden BV, Kopjar B. ProDisc-C Total Disc Replacement Versus Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion for Single-Level Symptomatic Cervical Disc Disease: Seven-Year Follow-up of the Prospective Randomized U.S. Food and Drug Administration Investigational Device Exemption Study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(21):1738-1747. doi:10.2106/JBJS.N.01186
  30. Gornet MF, Burkus JK, Shaffrey ME, Schranck FW, Copay AG. Cervical disc arthroplasty: 10-year outcomes of the Prestige LP cervical disc at a single level. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;1(aop):1-9. doi:10.3171/2019.2.SPINE1956
  31. Lavelle W, Riew K, Levi A, Florman J. Ten-year Outcomes of Cervical Disc Replacement With the BRYAN Cervical Disc: Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Spine. 2019;44(9):601-608. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000002907
  32. Phillips FM, Geisler FH, Gilder KM, Reah C, Howell KM, McAfee PC. Long-term Outcomes of the US FDA IDE Prospective, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Comparing PCM Cervical Disc Arthroplasty With Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. Spine. 2015;40(10):674-683. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000869
  33. Hisey MS, Zigler JE, Jackson R, et al. Prospective, Randomized Comparison of One-level Mobi-C Cervical Total Disc Replacement vs. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Results at 5-year Follow-up. Int J Spine Surg. 2016;10:10. doi:10.14444/3010
  34. Burkus JK, Traynelis VC, Haid RW, Mummaneni PV. Clinical and radiographic analysis of an artificial cervical disc: 7-year follow-up from the Prestige prospective randomized controlled clinical trial: Clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(4):516-528. doi:10.3171/2014.6.SPINE13996
  35. VACCARO A, BEUTLER W, PEPPELMAN W, et al. Long-Term Clinical Experience with Selectively Constrained SECURE-C Cervical Artificial Disc for 1-Level Cervical Disc Disease: Results from Seven-Year Follow-Up of a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Investigational Device Exemption Clinical Trial. Int J Spine Surg. 2018;12(3):377-387. doi:10.14444/5044
  36. Radcliff K, Davis RJ, Hisey MS, et al. Long-term Evaluation of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty with the Mobi-C© Cervical Disc: A Randomized, Prospective, Multicenter Clinical Trial with Seven-Year Follow-up. Int J Spine Surg. 2017;11. doi:10.14444/4031
  37. Gao F, Mao T, Sun W, et al. An Updated Meta-Analysis Comparing Artificial Cervical Disc Arthroplasty (CDA) Versus Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) for the Treatment of Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease (CDDD). Spine. 2015;40(23):1816. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001138
  38. Zhang Y, Liang C, Tao Y, et al. Cervical total disc replacement is superior to anterior cervical decompression and fusion: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled trials. PloS One. 2015;10(3):e0117826. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117826
  39. Kelly MP, Eliasberg CD, Riley MS, Ajiboye RM, SooHoo NF. Reoperation and complications after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion and cervical disc arthroplasty: a study of 52,395 cases. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(6):1432-1439. doi:10.1007/s00586-018-5570-8
  40. Verma K, Gandhi SD, Maltenfort M, et al. Rate of adjacent segment disease in cervical disc arthroplasty versus single-level fusion: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Spine. 2013;38(26):2253-2257. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000052
  41. Shriver MF, Lubelski D, Sharma AM, Steinmetz MP, Benzel EC, Mroz TE. Adjacent segment degeneration and disease following cervical arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2016;16(2):168-181. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.032
  42. Zhu Y, Zhang B, Liu H, Wu Y, Zhu Q. Cervical Disc Arthroplasty Versus Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion for Incidence of Symptomatic Adjacent Segment Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Randomized Controlled Trials. Spine. 2016;41(19):1493-1502. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001537
  43. Luo J, Gong M, Huang S, Yu T, Zou X. Incidence of adjacent segment degeneration in cervical disc arthroplasty versus anterior cervical decompression and fusion meta-analysis of prospective studies. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135(2):155-160. doi:10.1007/s00402-014-2125-2
  44. Davis RJ, Nunley PD, Kim KD, et al. Two-level total disc replacement with Mobi-C cervical artificial disc versus anterior discectomy and fusion: a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter clinical trial with 4-year follow-up results. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;22(1):15-25. doi:10.3171/2014.7.SPINE13953
  45. Radcliff K, Coric D, Albert T. Five-year clinical results of cervical total disc replacement compared with anterior discectomy and fusion for treatment of 2-level symptomatic degenerative disc disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter investigational device exemption clinical trial. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;25(2):213-224. doi:10.3171/2015.12.SPINE15824
  46. Bae HW, Kim KD, Nunley PD, et al. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of 1- and 2-Level Total Disc Replacement: Four-Year Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter IDE Clinical Trial. Spine. 2015;40(11):759-766. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000887
  47. Gornet MF, Lanman TH, Burkus JK, et al. Cervical disc arthroplasty with the Prestige LP disc versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, at 2 levels: results of a prospective, multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial at 24 months. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017;26(6):653-667. doi:10.3171/2016.10.SPINE16264
  48. Lanman TH, Burkus JK, Dryer RG, Gornet MF, McConnell J, Hodges SD. Long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of the Prestige LP artificial cervical disc replacement at 2 levels: results from a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017;27(1):7-19. doi:10.3171/2016.11.SPINE16746
  49. Lauryssen C, Coric D, Dimmig T, Musante D, Ohnmeiss DD, Stubbs HA. Cervical total disc replacement using a novel compressible prosthesis: Results from a prospective Food and Drug Administration-regulated feasibility study with 24-month follow-up. Int J Spine Surg. 2012;6:71-77. doi:10.1016/j.ijsp.2012.02.001
  50. Patwardhan AG, Tzermiadianos MN, Tsitsopoulos PP, et al. Primary and coupled motions after cervical total disc replacement using a compressible six-degree-of-freedom prosthesis. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(Suppl 5):618-629. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1575-7
  51. Reyes-Sanchez A, Miramontes V, Olivarez LMR, Aquirre AA, Quiroz AO, Zarate-Kalfopulos B. Initial clinical experience with a next-generation artificial disc for the treatment of symptomatic degenerative cervical radiculopathy. SAS J. 2010;4(1):9-15. doi:10.1016/j.esas.2010.01.002
  52. Thomas S, Willems K, Van den Daelen L, Linden P, Ciocci M-C, Bocher P. The M6-C Cervical Disk Prosthesis: First Clinical Experience in 33 Patients. Clin Spine Surg. 2016;29(4):E182-187. doi:10.1097/BSD.0000000000000025
  53. Geisler FH, Maislin DG, Keenan BT, Maislin G. One-Year NDI and VAS Outcomes from the Single-Level PEEK-on-Ceramic SimplifyTM Disc FDA IDE Trial. J Spine Neurosurg. 2019;2019. doi:10.4172/2325-9701.1000320
  54. Leven D, Meaike J, Radcliff K, Qureshi S. Cervical disc replacement surgery: indications, technique, and technical pearls. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(2):160-169. doi:10.1007/s12178-017-9398-3
  55. Bhashyam N, De la Garza Ramos R, Nakhla J, et al. Thirty-day readmission and reoperation rates after single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion versus those after cervical disc replacement. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;42(2):E6. doi:10.3171/2016.11.FOCUS16407
  56. Chang K-E, Pham MH, Hsieh PC. Adjacent segment disease requiring reoperation in cervical total disc arthroplasty: A literature review and update. J Clin Neurosci Off J Neurosurg Soc Australas. 2017;37:20-24. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2016.10.047
  57. Jackson RJ, Davis RJ, Hoffman GA, et al. Subsequent surgery rates after cervical total disc replacement using a Mobi-C Cervical Disc Prosthesis versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a prospective randomized clinical trial with 5-year follow-up. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;24(5):734-745. doi:10.3171/2015.8.SPINE15219
  58. Chen J, Wang X, Bai W, Shen X, Yuan W. Prevalence of heterotopic ossification after cervical total disc arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(4):674-680. doi:10.1007/s00586-011-2094-x
  59. Yi S, Kim KN, Yang MS, et al. Difference in Occurrence of Heterotopic Ossification According to Prosthesis Type in the Cervical Artificial Disc Replacement. Spine. 2010;35(16):1556-1561. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181c6526b
  60. Mehren C, Suchomel P, Grochulla F, et al. Heterotopic ossification in total cervical artificial disc replacement. Spine. 2006;31(24):2802-2806. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000245852.70594.d5
  61. Anderson PA, Nassr A, Currier BL, et al. Evaluation of Adverse Events in Total Disc Replacement: A Meta-Analysis of FDA Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data. Glob Spine J. 2017;7(1 Suppl):76S-83S. doi:10.1177/2192568216688195
  62. Salzmann SN, Plais N, Shue J, Girardi FP. Lumbar disc replacement surgery—successes and obstacles to widespread adoption. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(2):153-159. doi:10.1007/s12178-017-9397-4
  63. Premarket Approval (PMA). https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=P170036. Accessed June 2, 2019.
  64. McAfee PC, Cunningham B, Holsapple G, et al. A prospective, randomized, multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of lumbar total disc replacement with the CHARITE artificial disc versus lumbar fusion: part II: evaluation of radiographic outcomes and correlation of surgical technique accuracy with clinical outcomes. Spine. 2005;30(14):1576-1583; discussion E388-390.
  65. Guyer RD, McAfee PC, Banco RJ, et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of lumbar total disc replacement with the CHARITE artificial disc versus lumbar fusion: five-year follow-up. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2009;9(5):374-386. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2008.08.007
  66. Blumenthal S, McAfee PC, Guyer RD, et al. A prospective, randomized, multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemptions study of lumbar total disc replacement with the CHARITE artificial disc versus lumbar fusion: part I: evaluation of clinical outcomes. Spine. 2005;30(14):1565-1575; discussion E387-391.
  67. Gornet MF, Burkus JK, Dryer RF, Peloza JH. Lumbar disc arthroplasty with Maverick disc versus stand-alone interbody fusion: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter investigational device exemption trial. Spine. 2011;36(25):E1600-1611. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318217668f
  68. Sasso RC, Foulk DM, Hahn M. Prospective, randomized trial of metal-on-metal artificial lumbar disc replacement: initial results for treatment of discogenic pain. Spine. 2008;33(2):123-131. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816043af
  69. Bertagnoli R, Habbicht H. The ProDisc-L lumbar prosthesis. Interact Surg. 2008;3(4):209-213. doi:10.1007/s11610-007-0042-6
  70. Zigler J, Delamarter R, Spivak JM, et al. Results of the prospective, randomized, multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of the ProDisc-L total disc replacement versus circumferential fusion for the treatment of 1-level degenerative disc disease. Spine. 2007;32(11):1155-1162; discussion 1163. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318054e377
  71. Zigler JE, Delamarter RB. Five-year results of the prospective, randomized, multicenter, Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of the ProDisc-L total disc replacement versus circumferential arthrodesis for the treatment of single-level degenerative disc disease. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17(6):493-501. doi:10.3171/2012.9.SPINE11498
  72. Delamarter R, Zigler JE, Balderston RA, Cammisa FP, Goldstein JA, Spivak JM. Prospective, randomized, multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of the ProDisc-L total disc replacement compared with circumferential arthrodesis for the treatment of two-level lumbar degenerative disc disease: results at twenty-four months. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(8):705-715. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00680
  73. Yue JJ, Garcia R, Miller LE. The activL® Artificial Disc: a next-generation motion-preserving implant for chronic lumbar discogenic pain. Med Devices Auckl NZ. 2016;9:75-84. doi:10.2147/MDER.S102949
  74. Garcia RJ, Yue JJ, Blumenthal S, et al. Lumbar Total Disc Replacement for Discogenic Low Back Pain: Two-year Outcomes of the activL Multicenter Randomized Controlled IDE Clinical Trial. Spine. 2015;40(24):1873. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001245
  75. Yue JJ, Garcia R. Five-Year Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial for Lumbar Artificial Discs in Single-Level Degenerative Disc Disease. Spine J. 2017;17(10):S70. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2017.07.047
  76. Zigler J, Gornet MF, Ferko N, Cameron C, Schranck FW, Patel L. Comparison of Lumbar Total Disc Replacement With Surgical Spinal Fusion for the Treatment of Single-Level Degenerative Disc Disease: A Meta-Analysis of 5-Year Outcomes From Randomized Controlled Trials. Glob Spine J. 2018;8(4):413-423. doi:10.1177/2192568217737317
  77. Rao M-J, Cao S-S. Artificial total disc replacement versus fusion for lumbar degenerative disc disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134(2):149-158. doi:10.1007/s00402-013-1905-4
  78. Ding F, Jia Z, Zhao Z, et al. Total disc replacement versus fusion for lumbar degenerative disc disease: a systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2017;26(3):806-815. doi:10.1007/s00586-016-4714-y
  79. Aghayev E, Etter C, Bärlocher C, et al. Five-year results of lumbar disc prostheses in the SWISSspine registry. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2014;23(10):2114-2126. doi:10.1007/s00586-014-3418-4
  80. Zigler JE, Glenn J, Delamarter RB. Five-year adjacent-level degenerative changes in patients with single-level disease treated using lumbar total disc replacement with ProDisc-L versus circumferential fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17(6):504-511. doi:10.3171/2012.9.SPINE11717
  81. Ren C, Song Y, Liu L, Xue Y. Adjacent segment degeneration and disease after lumbar fusion compared with motion-preserving procedures: a meta-analysis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014;24(1):245-253. doi:10.1007/s00590-014-1445-9
  82. Scott-Young MN, Lee MJ, Nielsen DEA, Magno CL, Kimlin KR, Mitchell EO. Clinical and Radiological Mid-Term Outcomes of Lumbar Single-Level Total Disc Replacement. Spine. 2018;43(2):105-113. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182345aa2
  83. Putzier M, Funk JF, Schneider SV, et al. Charité total disc replacement–clinical and radiographical results after an average follow-up of 17 years. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2006;15(2):183-195. doi:10.1007/s00586-005-1022-3
  84. Siepe CJ, Heider F, Wiechert K, Hitzl W, Ishak B, Mayer MH. Mid- to long-term results of total lumbar disc replacement: a prospective analysis with 5- to 10-year follow-up. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2014;14(8):1417-1431. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.08.028
  85. Eliasberg CD, Kelly MP, Ajiboye RM, SooHoo NF. Complications and Rates of Subsequent Lumbar Surgery Following Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty and Lumbar Fusion. Spine. 2016;41(2):173-181. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001180
  86. Hiratzka JR, Rastegar F, Contag AG, Norvell D, Anderson PA, Hart RA. Adverse Event Recording and Reporting in Clinical Trials Comparing Lumbar Disk Replacement with Lumbar Fusion: A Systematic Review. Glob Spine J. 2015;5(6):486-495. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1567835

Disclosures and COI

Gregory D. Schroeder reports the following disclosures: Advance Medical: Paid consultant to Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Stryker and Zimmer; Board or committee member to Cervical Spine Research Society; other financial or material support from AOSpine; Research support from Medtronic Sofamor Danek; Editorial or governing board of Wolters Kluwer Health – Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Alexander R. Vaccaro reports the following disclosures: Stock or stock options from Advanced Spinal Intellectual Properties, Avaz Surgical, Bonovo Orthopaedics, Computational Biodynamics, Cytonics, Dimension Orthotics LLC, Electrocore, Flagship Surgical, FlowPharma, Franklin Bioscience, Globus Medical, Innovative Surgical Design, Insight Therapeutics, Nuvasive, Paradigm Spine, Parvizi Surgical Innovations, Prime Surgeons, Progressive Spinal Technologies, Replication Medica, Spine Medica, Spinology, Stout Medical, Vertiflex; IP royalties from Aesculap, Atlas Spine, Globus Medical, Medtronic, SpineWave, Styker; Paid Consultant to Atlas Spine, DePuy, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Globus Medical, Innovative Surgical Design, Medtronic, Nuvasive, Orthobullets, SpineWave, Stout Medical, Stryker; Publishing Royalties, Financial or Material Support from Elsevier, Jaypee, Taylor Franics/Hodder & Stoughton, Thieme; and Editorial or Governing Board of Clinical Spine Surgery.

Srikanth N. Divi has nothing to disclose.

Ariana A. Reyes, BS, has nothing to disclose.

Dhruv K.C. Goyal has nothing to disclose.

Frank M. Phillips reports the following disclosures: Stock or Stock options from Mainstay, Nuvasive, PearDiver, Providence, SI Bone, Spinal Simplicity, Surgio, Theracell, Vertiex, Vital 5; IP royalties from Medtronic, Nuvasive, Stryker; Paid consultant to Nuvasive, SI Bone, Stryker; Editorial or Governing Board of International Journal of Spine Surgery; Board or Committee Member to ISASS and Society of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery.

Jack Zigler reports the following disclosures: Stock or stock options from Safe Orthopedics; IP royalties from Zimmer, K2M; Paid consultant to Aesculap/B.Braun, Centinel Spine, Medtronic, Nocimend, Orthofix, Inc., Simplify, Vertera; Editorial or governing board to Coluna and International Journal of Spine Surgery; Board or committee member to ISASS.

Contact Us